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certified lower bound · dashed curve

Affine-geometry self-sum extensions

Affine-geometry self-sums give characteristic-indexed lower-bound curves whose iterated limit is \(\frac{4}{3}\).

\[ \lim_{d\to\infty} R_{ef}(P_{d,q}) = \frac{4q^2}{3q^2+1} \] \[ |E(P_{d,q})| = 2q^{d-1}+2, \qquad \operatorname{rk}(P_{d,q}) = 2d+1 \]
parameter
integer \(d\ge2\) and prime power \(q\)
supremum
supremum 4/3 — an iterated limit
discovered by
Chris Eur
discovery date
August 2026

Construction

Let \(A=\operatorname{AG}(d-1,q)\), of rank \(d\) on \(q^{d-1}\) points, and form \(P_{d,q}=(A\oplus A)+e\times f\). The free extension and coextension may require passing to a finite extension field, but the result stays representable in characteristic \(p\) when \(q=p^a\).

What the curve shows

Möbius inversion on the affine-flat lattice gives every plotted value exactly. For fixed \(q\) they tend to \(4q^2/(3q^2+1)\) as \(d\to\infty\); for fixed \(d\) they tend to \(4d/(3d+1)\) as \(q\to\infty\). Either subsequent limit approaches \(\frac43\). The curves are dashed because they certify distinguished-pair lower bounds rather than the full maximum.

Proof status

Exact finite counts and both limits are proved on the mathematics page; maximization over every pair remains open. Full proof on the mathematics page →

AI disclosure

Chris Eur used ChatGPT 5.6 Sol Max on Codex as a mathematical exploration and formula-checking aid while identifying the family through the double-free construction and the common 2-design mechanism. A public chat link is not currently recorded.

Plotted members

q = 2 (5 plotted members)

parameter|E|rank Ref
rank(A) = 3 10 7 6/7 0.85714
rank(A) = 4 18 9 8/7 1.14286
rank(A) = 5 34 11 80/67 1.19403
rank(A) = 6 66 13 6/5 1.20000
rank(A) = 8 258 17 1168/977 1.19550

q = 3 (3 plotted members)

parameter|E|rank Ref
rank(A) = 3 20 7 42/37 1.13514
rank(A) = 4 56 9 6/5 1.20000
rank(A) = 5 164 11 265/218 1.21560

q = 5 (2 plotted members)

parameter|E|rank Ref
rank(A) = 3 52 7 150/127 1.18110
rank(A) = 4 252 9 1168/959 1.21794

q = 7 (2 plotted members)

parameter|E|rank Ref
rank(A) = 3 100 7 306/257 1.19066
rank(A) = 4 688 9 104/85 1.22353